The History and Archaeology of the Iroquois du Nord

Edited by Ronald F. Williamson, Robert von Bitter
Series edited by Pierre Desrosiers
Contributions by Martin S. Cooper, William E. Engelbrecht, Neal Ferris, William A. Fox, Nick Grimoff, David Harris, April Hawkins, Richard W. Hill, Sr., Kurt A. Jordan, Victor Konrad, Chrisopher Menary, Dana Poulton, David Robertson, and Gary A. Warrick
Other Canadian Museum of History
Categories: History, Canadian History, Social Sciences, Archeology, Indigenous Studies, Regional & Cultural Studies, Canadian Studies, Anthropology
Series: Mercury
Publisher: Les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa Press
Paperback : 9780776639802, 384 pages, March 2023
Ebook (PDF) : 9780776639826, 384 pages, March 2023
View Table of Contents

Table of contents

Table of Contents
Land Acknowledgement / Reconnaissance territoriale
Abstract
Résumé
Land Acknowledgment for this Volume
Dedication
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Ronald F. Williamson
1. Who Were the Iroquois du Nord?
2. The Iroquois Wars
2.1. Pre-Dispersal Period (1609–1648)
2.2. Dispersal Period (1648–1651)
2.3. Post-Dispersal Period (1651–1666)
2.4. Occupation of the Iroquois du Nord Settlements and their Abandonment
3. Volume Organization
Acknowledgements
SECTION 1 – HISTORY OF THE PERIOD
Chapter 2 – Departing and Returning: Haudenosaunee Homeland Contexts for the Iroquois du Nord Villages
Kurt A. Jordan
1. Peak Power, 1650–1680
1.1. Incorporation
1.2. Colonization
1.3. Regional Settlement Intensification
1.4. Settler Forts and Missionaries
1.5. Material Culture, 1650–1680
2. The Twenty Years’ War and French Invasions, 1680–1696
3. After the Invasions, 1696–1713
3.1. Contraction and Consolidation
3.2. Material Culture, 1696–1713
4. Conclusion: After Uncertainty
Acknowledgements
SECTION 2 – THE SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS
Chapter 3 – The Search for Kenté: A Review
Robert von Bitter, Chris Menary, and Nick Gromoff
1. The Search for Kenté
1.1. The Reverend Phillip Bowen Squire
2. Spatial Analysis
3. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 4 – Clues in the Landscape: The Search for Ganaraské, Quintio, and Ganneious
Chris Menary and Robert von Bitter
1. Documentary Record: Accounts
1.1. Ganaraské and Quintio
1.2. Ganneious
2. Documentary Record: Historical Maps
3. Relocating the Villages: Landscape Analysis
3.1. Quintio
3.2. Ganaraské
3.3. Ganneious
4. Relocating the Villages: LiDAR and Remote Sensing
4.1. Ganaraské and Quintio
4.2. Ganneious
5. Conclusion
Chapter 5– The Bead Hill Site: A Late Seventeenth-Century Seneca Village on the Lower Rouge River
Dana R. Poulton
1. The Lower Rouge River Valley, ca. 1665–1687
2. Archaeological Investigations
3. Site Description
4. Material Culture Remains
5. Discussion
6. Historical Identity
6.1. Abandonment
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 6 – Teiaiagon: A Village on the West Branch of the Toronto Carrying Place
David Robertson
1. The Toronto Carrying Place
2. The Historical Context of the Site of Teiaiagon
3. The Archaeology of Teiaiagon
Acknowledgements
Chapter 7 – Changing Continuities of Home: Outinaouatoua in the Context of Seventeenth-Century Indigenous Heritage Landscapes
Neal Ferris
1. The Galinée and Dollier Expedition in the Context of 1669
2. The Context of Outinaouatoua in 1669
3. Outinaouatoua Within the Context of an Indigenous Heritage Landscape
4. Conclusion
SECTION 3 – THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE IROQUOIS DU NORD SITES
Chapter 8 – Drawing a Bead on the Iroquois du Nord Narrative
William A. Fox, April Hawkins, and David Harris
1. Evidence from the Haudenosaunee Homeland
2. Glass Beads
3. Marine Shell Beads
4. Bone Beads
5. Stone Beads
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 9 – Come from the Shadows: Metals on the Iroquois Frontier
Martin S. Cooper
1. Kettles
1.1. Teiaiagon
1.2. Ganatsekwyagon
1.3. Chadd Collection
2. Projectile Points
2.1. Teiaiagon
2.2. Ganatsekwyagon
2.3. Chadd Collection
3. Axes
3.1. Teiaiagon
3.2. Chadd Collection
4. Hoes
4.1. Teiaiagon
5. Knives
5.1. Teiaiagon
5.2. Ganatsekwyagon
6. Firearms
6.1. Teiaiagon
6.2. Ganatsekwyagon
7. Gunflints
8. Iconographic Rings
8.1. Teiaiagon
8.2. Ganatsekwyagon
8.3. Chadd Collection
9. Religious Medallions
9.1. Teiaiagon
9.2. Chadd Collection
10. Coins
10.1. Ganatsekwyagon
11. Is the Van Son Cemetery an Iroquois du Nord Site?
12. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 10 – Iroquois du Nord Decorated Antler Combs: Reflections of Ideology
Ronald F. Williamson and Robert von Bitter
1. Iroquois du Nord Antler Combs
1.1. Teiaiagon
1.2. Ganatsekwyagon-Bead Hill
1.3. Kenté
2. Discussion
Acknowledgements
Chapter 11 – Iroquois du Nord Ceramic Vessels and Pipes
William E. Engelbrecht and Ronald F. Williamson
1. Late Ceramic Vessel Trends Among Northern Iroquoians
2. Timing of the Decline of Indigenous-Made Ceramic Vessels and Pipes on Haudenosaunee Sites
2.1. Seneca
2.2. Cayuga
2.3. Onondaga
2.4. Oneida
2.5. Mohawk
2.6. Susquehannock
3. Significance, Persistence and Eventual Cessation of Indigenous Ceramic and Pipe Manufacture
4. The Iroquois du Nord Sample
4.1. Kenté
4.2. Ganatsekwyagon
4.3. Teiaiagon
5. Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
SECTION 4 – THE ANISHINAABE OCCUPATION
Chapter 12 – After the Haudenosaunee: The Mississauga Occupation of the North Shore of Lake Ontario
Gary Warrick and Ronald F. Williamson
1. History of the Mississauga Occupation
2. Archaeology of the Mississauga Occupation
3. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
SECTION 5 – DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS AND THE HAUDENOSAUNEE VIEW
Chapter 13 – The “Iroquois du Nord” of the Late Seventeenth Century: Revisiting the Haudenosaunee on the North Shore of Lake Ontario
Victor Konrad
1. Archaeology, Geography, History, and Memory
2. Confirmations of Site Locations
3. East–West Regionalization and South–North Expansion of the Settlement System
4. Iroquois du Nord Territory as Borderlands and the Advancement of Border Theory
5. A Re-populated North Shore: Transformation, Prosperity, Precarity, and Becoming Iroquois du Nord
6. An Anishinaabe North Shore
7. Prospective
Chapter 14 – View from the North Shore: Indigenous Imaginations, Then and Now
Rick Hill
References Cited
Index

Description

In the mid-to late 1660s and early 1670s, the Haudenosaunee established a series of settlements at strategic locations along the trade routes inland at short distances from the north shore of Lake Ontario. From east to west, these communities consisted of Ganneious, on Napanee or Hay Bay, on the Bay of Quinte; Kenté, near the isthmus of the Quinte Peninsula; Ganaraské, at the mouth of the Ganaraska River; Quintio, on Rice Lake; Ganatsekwyagon, near the mouth of the Rouge River; Teiaiagon, near the mouth of the Humber River; and Qutinaouatoua, inland from the western end of Lake Ontario. All of these settlements likely contained people from several Haudenosaunee nations as well as former Ontario Iroquoians who had been adopted by the Haudenosaunee.
These self-sufficient places acted as bases for their own inhabitants but also served as stopovers for south shore Haudenosaunee on their way to and from the beaver hunt beyond the lower Great Lakes. The Cayuga village of Kenté was where, in 1668, the Sulpicians established a mission by the same name, which became the basis for the region’s later name of Quinte. In 1676, a short-lived subsidiary mission was established at Teiaiagon. It appears that most of the north shore villages were abandoned by 1688.
This volume brings together traditional Indigenous knowledge as well as documentary and recent archaeological evidence of this period and focuses on describing the historical context and efforts to find the settlements and presents examinations of the unique material culture found at them and at similar communities in the Haudenosaunee homeland.
Available formats: trade paperback and accessible PDF