List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments

Part 1: Introduction

1 The Problem / Fred L. Bunnell, Glen B. Dunsworth, David J. Huggard, and Laurie L. Kremsater
 1.1 "Wicked" Problems
 1.2 Expanding and Competing Values
 1.3 Special Difficulties in Forests
 1.4 Adaptive Management
 1.5 Bounding the Book: What It Is and Is Not
 1.6 Summary

2 The Example / Fred L. Bunnell, William J. Beese, and Glen B. Dunsworth
 2.1 Physical and Ecological Setting
 2.1.1 Physical Landscape
 2.1.2 Climate, Vegetation, and Fauna
 2.2 Social and Historical Contexts
 2.3 New Planning and Practices
 2.3.1 Planning
 2.3.2 Practices
 2.4 Structures to Make It Work
 2.5 Monitoring
 2.6 Summary

3 The Approach / Fred L. Bunnell and Glen B. Dunsworth
 3.1 Managers’ Questions
 3.2 Establishing Objectives and Measures of Success
 3.2.1 Defining Biological Diversity
 3.2.2 A Criterion and Indicators of Success
 3.3 Deciding on Actions
 3.4 Evaluating Success
 3.4.1 Bounding the Problem
 3.4.2 The Major Questions
 3.4.3 Kinds of Monitoring and Adaptive Management
 3.4.4 Creating Structured Learning
 3.5 Linking Findings to Actions
 3.6 Summary

4 Implementing the Approach / Fred L. Bunnell, William J. Beese, and Glen B. Dunsworth
 4.1 Change in Midstream
 4.2 Progress in Adopting the Approach
 4.2.1 Implementing Planning
 4.2.2 Implementing Variable Retention
 4.3 Assessing the Outcomes of Guidelines
 4.3.1 Biological Legacies
 4.3.2 Forest Influence
 4.3.3 Amount of Retention
 4.3.4 Forest Stewardship
 4.3.5 Requisite Variety
 4.4 Lessons from Implementation Monitoring
 4.5 Summary

Part 2: The Indicators

5 Effectiveness Monitoring: An Introduction / Fred L. Bunnell, David J. Huggard, and Glen B. Dunsworth
 5.1 Context
 5.2 How Do We Ask Our Questions?
 5.3 What Would We Do with the Data if We Had Them?
 5.4 How Do We Discern What Is Better?
 5.5 Where Does the Answer Apply?
 5.6 The Role of Pilot Studies
 5.7 Summary

6 Ecosystem Representation: Sustaining Poorly Known Species and Functions / David J. Huggard and Laurie L. Kremsater
 6.1 Rationale
 6.2 What to Monitor
 6.2.1 Amount of Non-Harvestable or Lightly Managed Area
 6.2.2 Ecosystem Representation
 6.2.3 Size of Non-Harvestable Patches and Geographic Distribution
 6.2.4 Edge and Interior
 6.2.5 Special Ecosystems and Productivity
 6.2.6 Other Indices of Spatial Pattern
 6.2.7 Natural Disturbances and Stand Age Distribution
 6.2.8 Responsibility and Regional Protected Areas
 6.3 How to Monitor
 6.4 Anticipated Feedback to Management
 6.5 Summary

7 Learning from Ecosystem Representation / David J. Huggard, Laurie L. Kremsater, and Glen B. Dunsworth
 7.1 Context
 7.2 Methods
 7.2.1 Ecosystem Representation
 7.2.2 Edge/Interior and Patch Size
 7.2.3 Other Land Use Designations Emphasizing Conservation
 7.2.4 Responsibility and Protected Areas
 7.3 Results
 7.3.1 Responsibility and Protected Areas
 7.3.2 Representation of Variants in the Non-Harvestable Land Base
 7.3.3 Representation of Site Series
 7.3.4 Edge/Interior and Other Spatial Aspects
 7.3.5 Representation in Other Conservation Designations
 7.4 Discussion
 7.4.1 Limitations of Analysis
 7.4.2 Management Priorities: Under-Represented Dry Variants
 7.4.3 Management Priorities: Edge Effects
 7.4.4 Focusing Finer-Filter Monitoring
 7.5 Summary

8 Sustaining Forested Habitat / David J. Huggard, Fred L. Bunnell, and Laurie L. Kremsater
 8.1 Rationale
 8.1.1 Habitat Elements in Stands
 8.l.2 Habitat Structure in Stands
 8.1.3 Landscape Features
 8.2 What to Monitor
 8.2.1 Standard Habitat Elements and Their Attributes
 8.2.2 Integrative Habitat Variables
 8.2.3 Process Variables for Long-Term Habitat Projections
 8.2.4 Landscape Features
 8.2.5 Hypothetical Species as Landscape Indices
 8.3 How to Monitor
 8.3.1 Standard Habitat Elements and Their Attributes
 8.3.2 Integrative Habitat Variables (Habitat Structures)
 8.3.3 Process Variables for Long-Term Habitat Projections
 8.3.4 Landscape Features
 8.3.5 Hypothetical Species for Landscape Evaluation
 8.4 Anticipated Feedback to Management
 8.5 Summary

9 Learning from Habitat Elements / David J. Huggard, Jeff Sandford, and Laurie L. Kremsater
 9.1 Context
 9.2 Methods
 9.2.1 Field Methods
 9.2.2 Subsampling Design
 9.2.3 Study Design
 9.2.4 Approach to Summaries
 9.3 Results and Implications
 9.3.1 Expected Precision
 9.3.2 Comparison among Retention Types
 9.3.3 Comparison of Retention Patches with Uncut Benchmarks
 9.3.4 Relationships of Habitat Elements with Percent Retention
 9.3.5 Edge Effects
 9.3.6 Comparison of Patch Anchor Types
 9.3.7 Operational Progress
 9.4 General Discussion
 9.5 Summary

10 Sustaining Forest-Dwelling Species / Laurie L. Kremsater and Fred L. Bunnell
 10.1 Rationale
 10.2 What to Monitor? An Overview
 10.3 What to Monitor: Vascular Plants
 10.3.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Vascular Plants
 10.3.2 How to Monitor: Vascular Plants
 10.3.3 Links to Management: Vascular Plants
 10.4 What to Monitor: Bryophytes
 10.4.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Bryophytes
 10.4.2 How to Monitor: Bryophytes
 10.4.3 Links to Management: Bryophytes
 10.5 What to Monitor: Lichens
 10.5.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Lichens
 10.5.2 How to Monitor: Lichens
 10.5.3 Links to Management: Lichens
 10.6 What to Monitor: Fungi
 10.6.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Fungi
 10.6.2 How to Monitor: Fungi
 10.6.3 Links to Management: Fungi
 10.7 What to Monitor: Invertebrates
 10.7.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Invertebrates
 10.7.2 How to Monitor: Invertebrates
 10.7.3 Links to Management: Invertebrates
 10.8 What to Monitor: Vertebrates
 10.8.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Vertebrates
 10.8.2 What to Monitor: Vertebrates
 10.8.3 Links to Management: Vertebrates
 10.9 Overall Feedback to Management
 10.10 Summary

11 Learning from Organisms / David J. Huggard and Laurie L. Kremsater
 11.1 Context
 11.2 Intended Roles of the Pilot Study Phase
 11.2.1 Assess Sensitivity to Forest Practices
 11.2.2 Define Ecological Strata
 11.2.3 Define Appropriate Sampling Methods
 11.2.4 Guide Optimization of Sampling
 11.2.5 Illustrate Ways to Generalize
 11.2.6 Summary of the Pilot Phase
 11.3 Individual Monitoring Projects
 11.3.1 Breeding Bird Surveys
 11.3.2 Songbirds
 11.3.3 Owls
 11.3.4 Red Squirrels
 11.3.5 Carabid (Ground) Beetles
 11.3.6 Gastropods
 11.3.7 Bryophytes and Vascular Plants
 11.3.8 Epiphytic Lichens
 11.3.9 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
 11.3.10 Aquatic-Breeding Amphibians
 11.4 Summary

Part 3: Summary

12 Designing a Monitoring Program / David J. Huggard, Laurie L. Kremsater, and Fred L. Bunnell
 12.1 Context
 12.2 How to Ask Questions
 12.2.1 Comparisons and Mechanisms
 12.2.2 Types of Comparisons
 12.3 Stand-Level Comparisons
 12.3.1 Very High-Priority Comparisons
 12.3.2 High-Priority Comparisons
 12.3.3 Moderate-Priority Comparisons
 12.3.4 Low-Priority Comparisons
 12.3.5 Summary of Comparisons
 12.4 Selecting Indicator Variables
 12.5 Matching Indicators with Comparisons
 12.6 Answering Questions Well
 12.6.1 Operational versus Experimental Comparisons
 12.6.2 Blocking Factors
 12.6.3 Pre-Treatment Measurement
 12.7 Monitoring over Larger Areas
 12.7.1 Indicator 1: Representation of Ecosystem Types in Non-Harvestable Areas
 12.7.2 Indicator 2: Stand and Landscape Features
 12.7.3 Indicator 3: Organisms
 12.7.4 Other Possible Ecological Variables for Broad-Scale Monitoring
 12.8 The Role of Models
 12.8.1 General Modelling Approach
 12.8.2 Specific Forms of Modelling
 12.8.3 Implications of Incorporating Mechanisms
 12.9 Summary

13 Summary: Progress and Lessons Learned / Fred L. Bunnell, David J. Huggard, and Laurie L. Kremsater
 13.1 Context
 13.2 Progress
 13.3 Lessons Learned
 13.3.1 Organizational Structure
 13.3.2 Design
 13.3.3 Feedback
 13.4 Summary Thoughts

Appendices
Notes
Glossary
Literature Cited
List of Contributors 
Index